PhD Thesis  ·  Download Thesis  ·  Systems Science  · 
Unified Structural Theory of Complex Systems
Formal Laws, Epistemic Constraints, and Persistence as Organizing Principles Across Physical, Cognitive, and Social Domains
Boris Kriger1,2  ·  83 publications
1 Information Physics Institute, Gosport, Hampshire, United Kingdom  ·  boris.kriger@informationphysicsinstitute.net
2 Institute of Integrative and Interdisciplinary Research, Toronto, Canada  ·  boriskriger@interdisciplinary-institute.org
Prepared for Submission — PhD by Publication
◆ Part I
Meta-Theoretical Foundations
Any investigation of a complex system operates within a formal framework that is necessarily incomplete, definition-dependent, and uncertainty-laden. Five foundational results establish the epistemic architecture. Undecidability functions as a methodological signal: boundaries of provability reveal structural features of the system under study. The choice of formal realities demands explicit foundational context for every model. The Tree-Top Meta-Method formalises inquiry to the limits of domain-specific generalisation with consequent application across other domains. The Law of Large Numbers in Complex Systems traces the path from statistical convergence to compressed models.
1 Law of Scale-Specific Principles — At each organisational scale, there exist valid principles that cannot be derived from principles at other scales. No final all-encompassing theory is possible.
2 Formalization Laws — Every formalisation is bounded; its boundary is structurally determined by the choice of primitives; multiple formalisations are necessary for complex phenomena.
3 Definition-Dependent Provability — The truth-value of formally precise statements can change depending on how key terms are defined, because different definitions capture different structural features.
4 Law of Imperative Uncertainty — Any system capable of sustained complexity must permit exceptions to its laws in the form of persistent uncertainty and probabilistic deviation.
5 Law of Limit to Negation — Negation possesses an intrinsic structural limit: it cannot eliminate the conditions that make negation possible without ceasing to function. Total negation is structurally incoherent.
◆ Part II
The Dynamical Core: Persistence and Viability
The Transformational Basis of Persistence proves that any system persisting in a changing environment must satisfy three conditions — the Persistence Triad. Structural resilience is formalized as recovery within discrete-state dynamical systems. Self-sufficient systems are characterized through fixed points and cyclical closure. Structural Genesis of Dynamical Architecture derives the necessary form of physical law from conditions on sustainable complexity. Conservation and Convertibility are shown to be structural necessities of persistent systems, extending from Noether's theorem to a general theory of system persistence across physical, biological, cognitive, and social domains.
Persistence = Closure ∩ Boundary Maintenance ∩ Resilience
The viability set V must be invariant, bounded, and recoverable
Four Laws of Self-Organization
Law Zero — Cooperative Default: In peer systems with shared environment and local feedback, cooperative response emerges as the statistically dominant, dynamically stable configuration. Antagonism requires continuous external energy.
Law I — Self-Organisation Efficiency: External constraints that do not track local information generally reduce achievable welfare relative to unconstrained dynamics.
Law II — Viability Sufficiency: For threshold-defined viability, sufficient conditions do not require high complexity. Observed necessity for extreme complexity is diagnostic of discretionary overconstraint.
Law III — Observational Asymmetry: Where functional states generate low signal and failure states generate high signal, external evaluations systematically underestimate functionality and overestimate failure.
Additional Laws
Constraint–Autonomy & Viability Mismatch
The Constraint–Autonomy Compatibility Law shows constraints and autonomy are co-constitutive — maximizing either at the expense of the other causes collapse. The Viability Mismatch Law formalizes stress in any system as demands exceeding the current viability set. Newtonian dynamics emerge structurally from metric inertial systems, yielding a structural diagnostic principle for dynamical models.
Architecture of the Unified Theory
META-THEORY Formalization Laws · Epistemic Constraints · Undecidability DYNAMICAL CORE Persistence · Viability · Self-Organization · Closure COGNITION Predictive Processing Distortion · Memory Consciousness SOCIAL Deception · Conflict Extractive Oscillators Institutions · Ethics APPLICATIONS Astrophysics · AI · Motivation · Civilization Entropy · Fermi Paradox · Healthcare SYNTHESIS Differentiation · Optimal Coherence Persistence as Primary Principle
◆ Part III
Cognition as Structural Necessity
Structural Distortion Principle: Perceptual distortion is not a defect but a structural condition of any adaptive system under finite processing resources. Every act of perception is simultaneously an act of non-perception.

Predictive Processing is proved to be the unique optimal cognitive architecture under persistence constraints — not one theory among many but the only viable architecture. Inadequate biological programs in human decision making are identified and their reflection in AI analyzed.

Representational Isolation: The formal impossibility of direct, unmediated perception for any system of sufficient complexity. All perception is mediated by compressed, lossy representations.

Atemporal Memory: Biological memories are stored without built-in timestamps. The sense of when something happened is reconstructed at retrieval, not recorded at storage — following from cyclical closure requirements. Supported by three convergent evolutionary pressures favoring atemporal storage.

Mental Disintegration: DSM-5-TR categories recast as trajectories in a dynamical state space — the loss of cognitive viability. Disorders are trajectories, not fixed categories: attractor loss (psychosis), bifurcation cascades (mood cycling), attractor trapping (compulsion). The Eruptive Manifestation framework models high-activation episodes from model–reality mismatch.

Consciousness is analyzed through cognitive contradictions and biological duality, with functional sufficiency criteria developed for explanatory models. Operational terminology is proposed for integrated information theory. The Reflexive Inference Law bounds what any inferential system can generalize from self-observation. Chronoperception acceleration is modeled as a metabolic consequence of biological regression.

Negative Self-Determination: Systems that cannot fully model themselves must exercise autonomy through constrained self-modification — agency arises from structural limitation, not despite it. Adaptive Genius is formalized as operating at the boundary of the viability set — maximal creative output coupled with minimal stability margin. Fractal Scaling of self-reproducing patterns requires partial self-opacity: full transparency destabilises, full opacity prevents adaptation.
◆ Part V
Cross-Domain Applications
Astrophysics: Binary star systems as persistence-selected outcomes; dormant neutron star population constraints; "Can a star be proven single?" as epistemic constraint case study. Why binary systems are optimal for star formation, with swept-volume geometry and persistence-driven binary dominance in dense regions. Protostellar core formation paradox critically assessed. Observational tests via VLA 1623-2417 and L1551 IRS 5.

Cosmology: Evaluating timescape cosmology against the standard model; evaluating the holographic universe; Bayesian model comparison and structural-Bayesian framework for evaluating extrapolative hypotheses.

Information & Entropy: Biospheric contribution to cosmic complexity, with quantitative estimation of cognitive systems' total effective complexity; local entropy inversion in AI systems; Ledger Time Model connecting atemporality to physics. Time density dynamics in the AI-centered infosphere.

AI & Civilization: The Inward Turn (Fermi Paradox — computational efficiency as universal attractor); AI-extended communication norm shifts; Stimulus Problem in post-scarcity environments; inevitability of substrate-independent civilizations.

Motivation & Desire Dynamics: From Repression to Saturation — dynamical systems theory of desire under variable constraints. Formalizes motivation as gradient flow on a composite potential; proves sublimation collapse when discharge latency falls below reorganization timescale; derives four-regime phase diagram (Repression → Coherent Desire → Saturation → Anhedonic Collapse) via Hill-equation saturation kinetics and Kuramoto co-regulation. Extends to AI motivation and cross-scale universality. Instantiates Constraint–Autonomy Compatibility and Viability Mismatch in the motivational domain.

Healthcare: Clinical discontinuity and AI — restoring coherence in healthcare. Quantitative framework for clinical decision structuring. Informational framework for population-scale viral dynamics.

Epistemology: Epistemic Constraint Theory unifies inference limitations across Bayesian epistemology, information theory, and decision theory. Evolutionary theory of credence models generative modeling as resource-theoretic consequence of complexity. The Structural Non-Neutrality Principle shows no element in a coherent system is functionally neutral. Chaos is relative — a formal principle of framework dependence.
◆ Part VI
Cross-Domain Structural Correspondences
PrincipleBioCognitiveSocial
ClosureHomeostasisAttractorsNorms
BoundaryMembraneRep. isolationGatekeeping
ResilienceImmune sys.Error corr.Crisis mgmt
Cycl. ClosureMetabolismPred. loopRecycling
Viab. MismatchDiseaseDisintegr.Collapse
Extr. Oscill.ParasitismAddictionExploitation
Pre-Int. Reject.Antigen scr.Belief filterVetting
DistortionSens. adapt.Cog. biasPropaganda
GradientChemotaxisDesireIncentive
SaturationHabituationAnhedoniaApathy
Epistemological Patterns
Four Cognitive Strategies of Structural Inquiry
1. Substrate Abstraction — Prove (not assert) that cross-domain commonalities are mathematical, not metaphorical.

2. Constraint Derivation — Derive system features from constraints any system of the class must satisfy.

3. Recursive Self-Application — The theory applies to itself: its own partiality, distortions, and boundaries are predicted by its own laws. Metaphor, narrative, and ritual are shown to be structural necessities of scientific cognition itself.

4. Boundary Recognition — Every result is accompanied by explicit scope limitations, as the formalization laws require.
Deepest Result
Differentiation → Coherence → Actualization
Differentiation is the ontological condition of actualization: no distinctions → no structure → no existence. Optimal Coherence is the complementary principle: maximal actualization when all differentiations support each other. The informational preconditions of meaning establish a structural tendency theorem on civilizational trade-offs between progress and human well-being. This is the ur-concept from which all others derive.
The Tree-Top Meta-Method
Generalise formally until generalisation is no longer possible.
Then derive domain-specific consequences from what remains true.